English Grammar | Parts of Speech (Pronoun-সর্বনাম)
Definition:
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. অর্থাৎ Noun এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত শব্দকে
Pronoun বলে।
Or
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun-equivalent. It is the replacement of noun.
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun-equivalent. It is the replacement of noun.
Pronoun সাধারণত Noun বা
Noun এর সমতুল্য কিছুর পরিবর্তে বসে। ইহা Noun কে প্রতিস্থাপন করে।
Common pronouns are I, me,
he, she, him, his, her, they, them, it, we, us, etc.
Example:
- She is a pretty girl.
- His contribution is appreciable.
- They are unbeatable.
- This job is done by them.
- She is a pretty girl.
- His contribution is appreciable.
- They are unbeatable.
- This job is done by them.
Role of Pronoun in a
Sentence: Pronouns are usually short words and they are used to make
sentences less cluttered and less repetitive.
Kinds
of Pronoun:
There are many different kinds of pronouns:-
There are many different kinds of pronouns:-
Personal Pronoun- ব্যক্তিবাচক সর্বনাম
Possessive Pronoun - অধিকার সূচক সর্বনাম
Reflexive Pronoun - আত্মনির্দেশক সর্বনাম
Distributive Pronoun: বন্টন নির্দেশক সর্বনাম
Indefinite Pronoun- অনির্দিষ্ট সর্বনাম
Demonstrative Pronoun- ইঙ্গিতবাচক সর্ননাম
Relative Pronoun - সম্বন্ধবাচক সর্বনাম
Interrogative Pronoun - প্রশ্নবোধক সর্বনাম
Reciprocal Pronoun -পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কনির্দেশক
i.
Personal Pronoun:
ব্যক্তিবাচক সর্বনাম
Personal
pronouns দ্বারা নির্দিষ্ট কোন ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা group কে বোঝায়।
A personal pronoun
is used instead of a person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and
who.
When a personal pronoun is
the subject of a verb, it is called Subjective
Pronoun (I, we, he, she, they, and you).
E.g. I love this book.
E.g. I love this book.
When a personal pronoun is
not a subject and acts as the object, then it is called Objective Pronoun (me, you, her,
him, it, us, them and whom).
E.g. Give it to him.
E.g. Give it to him.
Personal
Pronoun: ব্যক্তিবাচক
সর্বনাম
Sub:
form:
|
I
|
We
|
You
|
He
|
She
|
It
|
They
|
Obj:
form:
|
Me
|
Us
|
You
|
Him
|
Her
|
It
|
Them
|
Possessive
pro:
|
Mine
|
Ours
|
Yours
|
His
|
Hers
|
Its
|
Theirs
|
Possessive
Adj:
|
My
|
Our
|
Your
|
His
|
Her
|
Its
|
Their
|
ii.
Possessive Pronoun: অধিকার সূচক সর্বনাম
কোন কিছুর মালিকানা বা অধিকার বোঝাতে possessive adjectives
(my, our, their, his, her, its) এর পরে যে noun থাকে তার পরিবর্তে যে pronoun ব্যবহার
করা হয়, সেগুলোই possessive pronoun.
A Possessive
Pronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his, hers, its, mine,
yours, ours, and theirs.
Example:- This pen
is mine.
- Yours one is not real.
- Take hers from the room.
- Yours one is not real.
- Take hers from the room.
iii.
Reflexive Pronoun: আত্মনির্দেশক সর্বনাম
Subject এবং object একই ব্যাক্তি বা বস্তু হলে reflexive
pronouns বসাতে হয়। Reflexive pronoun গুলো subject কেই object হিসেবে reflect করে।
Reflexive
Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself,
himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, yourselves and itself.
Example:
- I ask myself when I take a decision.
- He spoke to himself.
- We learn about ourselves everyday.
- I ask myself when I take a decision.
- He spoke to himself.
- We learn about ourselves everyday.
iv.
Distributive Pronoun: বন্টননির্দেশক সর্বনাম
Distributive: Each (প্রত্যেক), Either (যে কোনো) , Neither
(কেউই না, কোনটাই না) , Everyone. Either of the players scores a century. (যে কোনো
একজন খেলোয়ার সেঞ্চুরি করেন ই)
v. Indefinite Pronoun: অনির্দিষ্ট সর্বনাম
An Indefinite
Pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing.
Indefinite pronouns are any, anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody,
everything, everyone, nobody, none, one, several, some, few,
many and each.
An Indefinite pronoun may
look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in sentences by
taking the place of a noun.
Example:
- All people gathered here for the same purpose.
- Does anyone know anything about the matter?
- Anybody can play the game easily.
- None but the brave deserves the fair.
- Each must do his best.
- One must do one’s duty.
- All people gathered here for the same purpose.
- Does anyone know anything about the matter?
- Anybody can play the game easily.
- None but the brave deserves the fair.
- Each must do his best.
- One must do one’s duty.
vi. Demonstrative
Pronoun: ইঙ্গিতবাচক সর্বনাম
Demonstrative
pronoun গুলো noun এর আগে বসে সেই noun কে নির্দিষ্ট করে। এগুলো সাধারণত adjective
হিসেবে কাজ বেশি করে। কিন্তু যখন noun টি উহ্য থাকে তখন এগুলোকে demonstrative
pronoun বলা হয়।
A Demonstrative
Pronoun particularly point out a noun. This, these, that and those are demonstrative
pronouns to point out a noun.
A Demonstrative pronoun
stands alone but a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
Example:
- You can smell that from here.
- This smells good.
- Those were bad days.
- Look at that.
- Would you deliver this?
- You can smell that from here.
- This smells good.
- Those were bad days.
- Look at that.
- Would you deliver this?
vii. Relative Pronoun: সম্বন্ধবাচক সর্বনাম
বাক্যের ভিতরে কোন একটি noun সম্পর্কে নতুন তথ্য সংযুক্ত
করার জন্য Relative pronouns ব্যবহার করা হয়।
A Relative Pronoun is a
pronoun that introduces or links one phrase or clause to another in the
sentence.
Relative Pronoun are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever.
চেনার সহজ উপায় হলো- বাক্যের শুরুতে / মাঝে থাকলেও শেষে full stop
(.)থাকবে।
Example:
- The person who called me is my uncle.
- I know where I am going.
- The pen which I lost was red.
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
- Robii Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.
- The person who called me is my uncle.
- I know where I am going.
- The pen which I lost was red.
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
- Robii Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.
Who and whom refer
only to people.
Which refers to things, qualities and ideas.
That and whose refer to people, qualities, things and ideas.
Which refers to things, qualities and ideas.
That and whose refer to people, qualities, things and ideas.
viii. Interrogative
Pronoun: প্রশ্নবোধক সর্বনাম
কোন
প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞেস করার জন্যে যে pronoun ব্যবহার করা হয় তাকে interrogative pronouns
বলে.
An Interrogative Pronoun
is used to ask question. It helps to ask about something.
Interrogative Pronouns
are who, which, what, whom, whose; as well as whoever, whomever,
whichever and whatever.
It
is used in the beginning of the sentence.
Who and whom refer
to person.
What refers to thing?
Which refers to person or thing and whose refers to person as possessive.
What refers to thing?
Which refers to person or thing and whose refers to person as possessive.
-চেনার
সহজ উপায় হলো- ইহা অবশ্যই বাক্যের শুরুতে থাকে।
-বাক্যের
শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন থাকে
Example:
- What’s happened?
- What do you expect from me?
- Who designed this website?
- Whose mobile is this?
- Whatever did you want?
- What’s happened?
- What do you expect from me?
- Who designed this website?
- Whose mobile is this?
- Whatever did you want?
ix. Reciprocal Pronoun: পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কনির্দেশক
A Reciprocal
Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or
things. Each other and one another are Reciprocal Pronouns.
We use Reciprocal Pronouns
when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.
Each
Other, One another (অর্থ দুটোর একই- ’একে অপরকে’)
দুইজনের
ক্ষেত্রে each other
অনেককে
পরস্পর বুঝাতে one another.
Example:
- Rimi and Raju like each other.
- Why don’t we believe each other?
- They do not tolerate each other.
- We should help one another.
- Rimi and Raju like each other.
- Why don’t we believe each other?
- They do not tolerate each other.
- We should help one another.
Intensive Pronoun:
অন্য
কোন noun বা pronoun এর উপরে গুরত্ব প্রদান করার জন্যে যেসকল pronoun ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাদেরকে
Intensive pronouns বলা হয়। Reflexive pronoun এবং intensive pronoun দেখতে একই রকম
কিন্তু intensive pronoun বাক্যে object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় না ।
An Intensive Pronoun
is used for emphasis. Intensive pronouns are myself, himself,
herself, yourself, itself, yourselves, ourselvesand themselves.
Example:
- I myself have done the job.
- The president himself visited the area.
- He himself can’t do it.
- I myself have done the job.
- The president himself visited the area.
- He himself can’t do it.
Use of pronoun:
: Some very important points:
Subject
হিসেবে সব সময় Pronoun এর subject রূপ বসাতে হয়।যথাঃ
Incorrect:
Fahim and us are going to join the same party.
Correct:
Fahim and we are going to join the same party.
Verb
to Be (am, is, are, was, were) এর পর সব সময় Subject রূপ বসাতে হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect: It is him whom the committee selected.
Correct: It is he whom the committee selected.
Incorrect: I
wish I were him.
Correct: I
wish I were he.
Preposition এর পর সব সময় Pronoun এর
Object রূপ বসে। উল্লেখ্য Object Pronoun এর সাথে সাধারনতঃ Among, of, between,
from, to, for, with, এই Proposition গুলি বসে। যথাঃ
Incorrect:
The cake is from he.
Correct:
The cake is from him.
Incorrect:
Rupa came to I.
Correct:
Rupa came to me.
Incorrect:
The flowers are from Jhon and we.
correct:
The flowers are from Jhon and us.
একই
বাক্যে একই Noun দ্বিতীয়বার আসলে, দ্বিতীয় বারের ক্ষেত্রে Possessive pronoun
(mine / ours/ yours etc) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect: My
shoe is better than your shoe.
Correct: My
shoe is better than yours.
Verb + ing রূপের
পূর্বে Possessive Adjective ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect: I
can’t rely on she helping us.
Correct: I
can’t rely on her helping us.
Incorrect: If
you insist on I coming, you must pay my fare.
Correct:
If you insist on my coming, you must pay my fare.
দুর্বোধ্যতা
এড়ানোর জন্য Relative Pronoun কে যতটা সম্ভব তার Antecedent ( পূর্বপদ) এর
কাছাকাছি বসাতে হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect: The man is very honest who doesn’t tell a
lie.
Correct: The
man who is very honest doesn’t tell a lie.
Or: The man who doesn’t tell a lie
is very honest.
As /so.........as থাকলে দ্বিতীয় as এর পরে Pronoun এর Subject রূপ
বসে। যথাঃ
Incorrect:
Helen is as beautiful as her.
Correct:
Helen is as beautiful as she.
Than
এর পর Subject রূপ বসে। যথাঃ
Incorrect:
Kamal is taller than me.
Correct: Kamal is taller than I.
Let
এর পরে pronoun এর object রূপ বসাতে হয়। যথাঃ Let me go out.
But
যখন ছাড়া / ব্যতীত অর্থ প্রদান করে তখন ইহা preposition, তাই তার পরে pronoun এর
object রূপ বসাতে হয়। যথাঃ
All
but him came to me.
Such এর পর Relative Pronoun ‘who’ না হয়ে
‘as’ বসাতে হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect: I
want such a boy who is intelligent.
Correct: I
want such a boy as is intelligent.
Incorrect:
Such boys who are idle can not shine.
Correct:
Such boys as are idle can not shine.
Some, Only, Any, All, One, Same এবং
Interrogative pronoun who, what ইত্যাদির পরে which না বসিয়ে that বসাতে হয়।
যথাঃ all that glitters
is not gold. / You may take any book that you want. / Who is the man that came
here?
What
(যাহা তাহা / তাহা যাহা) এর সাথে কোন Antecedent থাকে না। অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রে দেখা যায়
what এর পূর্বে verb থাকে কিংবা what দ্বারা বাক্যটি শুরু হয়। যথাঃ
Incorrect:
This is the case what I want.
Correct:
This is what I want. Or, this is the case that I want.
Another example:
What you said I didn’t understand. What he thinks is quite wrong.
Its এবং its এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ্য রাখতে হবে।
It’s = it is এবং Its = ইহার। যথাঃ
Incorrect:
The dog has it’s bones.
Correct:
The dog has its bones.
Reflexive pronoun কখনও Subject হতে পারে
না। যথাঃ
Incorrect: Rana and myself were in the
field.
Correct:
Rana and I were in the field.
The Pronoun-Noun Pronoun Agreement
1. Agreement of It: বস্তুবাচক Noun, ইতর প্রাণী,
শিশু, মত (idea) এবং collective noun এর পরিবর্তে বসে। যথাঃ
1. I have a very nice pen, it also writes
well.
2. A dog is always faithful to its master.
3. We wanted to arrange a seminar but we
could not realize it for some reasons.
2. Agreement of Indefinite pronoun and
possessive pronoun:
a.
Each /every+noun+verb+his/her+ Complement.
Ex: Every boy and every
girl performs his duty sincerely.
b.
Who/whoever+verb+his+Complement.
Ex: Whoever called did
not leave his name.
c.
Either+singular noun+or+singular noun+ verb+his/her + complement.
Ex: Either Sumita or
Poushi deposited her money.
N.B:
দুটি Noun এর কোনটি যদি Plural হয়, তাহলে Possessive টিও Plural হবে।
Ex: Either he or his
friends did their work.
3.
First person যদি অন্য কোন Noun বা Pronoun এর সাথে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে তাদের
Pronoun হিসেবে First Person এর Plural বসবে। যথাঃ
a.
Rita and I did our best.
b.
You and your friends tried your best.
4. Impersonal Pronoun: (অব্যক্তিবাচক
সর্বনাম): One এর Object এবং possessive হিসেবে one ও
one’s বসে। (তবে Spoken English এ him / his ও ব্যবহার করা যায়।) যথাঃ If one knew
the facts, one would not be so quick to criticize.
5.
Sequence of pronoun: [Pronoun এর ক্রমধারা] একাধিক Person একই বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হলে
ধারাবাহিকতা বজায় রাখার নিয়ম হলঃ
a. সাধারন
অর্থেঃ
Second
person + third person + First person. (231)
Ex: You, he and I are
friends.
b. দোষ/
অপরাধের ক্ষেত্রেঃ First person + third person Second person (132)
Ex:
I, he and you are liable (আইনত দায়ী) for this misdeed.
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